Comparing The Three Abrahamic Religions - 841 Words

The three Abrahamic religions share not just the same Supreme Being but they also share several common themes. Many people view these three religions as separate entities but are more related than most people would expect. A simple commonality between the Abrahamic religions is that they all have a center of worship and traveling to these locations is a holy obligation to these faiths. Jerusalem and the nation of Israel is the seat of Judaism. Israel s diverse culture stems from the diversity of its population: Jews from diaspora communities around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions back with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs. Vatican City is an enclave within the city of Rome is home to Saint Peter’s Basilica. St. Peter s is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been designated as a unique position in the Christian world. Vatican City is also the seat of the Pope, the Bishop of Rome and the leader of the Catholic Church. Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and is the birthplace of Mohammed. For centuries Mecca has served as a major economic hub, for it lays in between Europe and Asia. Mohammed is o nce exiled from Mecca but returns years later with an army. But Mohammed recognized the importance of this city and knew that its financial influence would be key toward to founding of Islam. Hajj, one of the Five Pillars, is the pilgrimage to Mecca must be done at least once forShow MoreRelatedThe Comparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions1149 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions The Comparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions By Christa Dunwoody Abstract The differences between Hinduism and Abrahamic Religions are many. The primary difference of beliefs is that Abrahamic Religion believes that there is one God. Hinduism beliefs vary being Pantheistic, monotheistic and polytheistic it is one of the most complex religions of the world. In the comparison of Hinduism and Abrahamic Religion differ on their concept ofRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity997 Words   |  4 PagesIslam and Christianity are two largely wide spread religions in the world that have a great impact on their followers, especially in a spiritual manner. Because of originality, values, and unique believes in each religion, their believers respect and try to comprehend each other’s faith. With Christianity’s record 2.2 billion population and Islam’s impressive 1.6 billion population, they both form the bases of their countries laws and are recognized by governments all around the world. Even thoughRead MoreCompare And Contrast Christianity And Islam1031 Words   |  5 PagesIslam are wide spread religions which impact the lives of believers spiritually. Both religions have had substantial impact on the course of history and have formed the basis of many countries laws and are highly recognized by governments. Though Christianity is more widely known, they both pose the same challenges to each other. Considering the similarities and differences of Christianity and Islam, it can be said they are both very different. Comparing the two religions, is simpler due to theRead MoreThree Religions : One God1467 Words   |  6 PagesThree Religions: One God Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three of the most influential religions in the world. Together, they account for almost four billion followers. These religions are usually referred to as the Abrahamic religions. This is because they all claim Abraham as an important pillar of their faith. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have many things in common, including a main place of worship and holy book, but within these similarities are some major differences. ChristianityRead MoreThe Social Question And Existential Question Of Religion793 Words   |  4 PagesThe social question and the existential question of religions have always played a huge role in the implementation of individuals to communities and its connection to God’s or a divine figure’s plan in the universe. Therefore by comparing, contrasting and assessing the religions of Christianity and Hinduism this essay will seek to answer both the social question of human unity and the existential questions of human relation to a divine being’s plan for the universe. For Christianity the socialRead MoreThe Three Major Religions Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe Major Religions Judaism, Christianity and Islamic Humanities 101 August 28, 2010 Strayer University The major religions in the world are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are monotheistic religions, namely they believe that there is only one God. All three religions believe that this God is the origin and source of all that exists. God cares about the entire creation and desires the well-being of all. God is just and has provided basicRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1005 Words   |  5 Pagesancient Christianity and Islam. Christianity and Islam are both closely related religions, because they are branched of Abraham and other patriarchs mentioned in Hebrew Scriptures. Examples of these books are the Old/ New testament and the Quran. These books serve as their spiritual ancestors and are also know as Abrahamic religions. Although these books have a massive amount in common the clash of these two religions has caused for a mass crimes and violence across humanity. In fact, â€Å"most genocidesRead MoreSeparation From God As A Result Of Their Sinfulness, But984 Words   |  4 Pagesreincarnation. Suffering is a large part in understanding the afterlife, as attaining nirvana is the only way to escape earthly suffering permanently. This nirvana is not a place like in Christianity, but a sense of bliss. The philosophy of each religion, both Buddhism and Christianity, is vastly different. Within the Christian faith, to life a â€Å"good† life, you are to worship a divine being that is all powerful, all good, and all knowing. A supernatural force that created life, the universe, andRead MoreThe Controversy Of Religious Ethicists1817 Words   |  8 Pagesif it is possible to engage in cross-religious ethical evaluation and give my reasoning on why I believe that it is possible but that it is not always a guaranteed path to follow. To begin, I will give a quick overview of Oh’s example in chapter three of Elizabeth Bucar and Aaron Stalnaker’s book Religious Ethics in a Time of Globalism: Shaping a Third Wave of Comparative Analysis. The topics of discussion in this chapter are Muslim mothers and martyrdom. The main point that Oh is explaining isRead MoreChristianity And The Modern World Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesmore. They all define who we represent in our everyday lives as individuals. Likewise, a major religious ideology that has been prevalent in the Modern World since 1815 is Christianity. Christianity is the world’s largest religion serving as an umbrella term for so many sub religions and representing so many interpretations. Since its creation it has played a major role in the lives of thousands of individuals seeking to â€Å"reborn† in the eyes of their lord and savior Jesus Christ. As a result, is it

Why or Why Not College Should Be Free Free Essays

Some countries have free education from kindergarten to university, while students in other countries have to pay at every step of the way. This essay will look at some of the reasons for this difference at university level. Free third level education has several advantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Why or Why Not College Should Be Free or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all, everyone can attend, so the gap between rich and poor students decreases as poorer students have more opportunity. The economy also benefits from the increased pool of highly educated labor. An educated workforce attracts employers and foreign investment. Socially, a more educated population should have more choices regarding nutrition, jobs and lifestyle. An additional point is that university fees only contribute a small proportion of the university budget. However, some people are opposed to free education. First of all, through their taxes, poor families subsidize rich students who can easily afford to pay fees. A second point is that spending government money on free education is often not possible or desirable when a country needs hospitals, roads, and primary or secondary schools. A third point is that a university education is a choice, not a requirement. People who finish college with advanced qualifications are going to earn large salaries and can easily afford to pay back loans. Furthermore, when people get something for free, they often do not value it. If college is free, many students will go there just because they cannot think of anything else to do. Education is widely regarded as a key factor in the economic and social development of a country, but there are different attitudes about whether students should pay or not. Some regard education as a basic right, which should therefore be provided free, while others think the individual student should have to shoulder some of the costs of his or her education. This essay will examine some of the arguments for and against free education at third level. There are several reasons why university education in particular should be paid for by the students who receive it. to allow as many people as possible to develop to their full potential and to develop the country, we need to make third level education available to all. Restricting access to the elite will have detrimental effects on the society and the economy. However, there are sound economic and social reasons for making third level education free to all. In the first place, a modern country needs highly skilled graduates of all kinds, rather than just high school leavers. For many families, the high cost of tuition would discourage participation in third level education. An important point is that the contribution of fees to the budget of any good university or college is relatively small, since almost all colleges rely on large amounts of government or philanthropic funding. The money from fees may represent only a small part of the college budget. A third point is that third level education is not purely vocational. Students at college are not just being given technical skills desired by employers, but are questioning, analyzing, synthesizing and creating new knowledge, and this will be a tremendous resource to the society as a whole. With the extremely rapid development of the society, increasing young people choose to accept the higher education, in order to enhance their competitiveness. Yet, it is indisputable that the tuition is really high, and some family cannot afford it, because of which, personally, I insist that it should be a duty of the government to pay the course fees. In my essay, I will talk about this topic on twofold. First of all, it benefits individuals a lot to pay the tuition by the governments. We all know, studying is not an easy job to every person, and the one who want to have some achievements in the academic areas must pay a great of efforts. There is no reason to require the students, who are trying their best to get a good result in their study, to earn the large sum of money for their further education. In order to encourage this kind of students to continue to work hard to gain more professional skills to make sure they can lead high quantity lives after their graduated, it is a vital and effective option for the governments to pay for their tuition. More importantly, it is not only for personal benefit, but also for governments. Owning to the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology, modern societies need much more high-tech talents. That is a quite useful method to drive more young person to pursuit the higher education, and the same time to give them the belief that they should put their shoulder to the wheel to return the society. To sum up, paying the cursers is a symbol of society progress. It gives people dwelling in the society a kind of belonging, and makes individuals become more unity. Therefore, I reaffirm that the tuition should be paid by governments. Free third level education is not always a good thing. Governments need to think carefully about their policies and ensure that they are using their resources to help all the people in the country equitably. To allow as many people as possible to develop to their full potential and to develop the country, we need to make third level education available to all. Restricting access to the elite will have detrimental effects on the society and the economy. How to cite Why or Why Not College Should Be Free, Papers

A Blank Magazine free essay sample

â€Å"Be different and you will always be noticed,† Carol Litt, a professor I had, began each class with that saying. I look at myself as a mood board, a future idea sitting in Anna Wintour’s office at Vogue, and as a blank magazine with no name. But I also have an extraordinary plan for my future. I know it’s going to be a long road, but I never asked for easy, I just ask for possible. So, here I am applying for the rest of my life. Along this journey of growing up, I have had many ideas about what to do with my life. Going from being a chef, a marine biologist, and a US Coast Guard Swimmer. I wanted to do it all. To be completely honest, my junior year is when it all clicked: Advertising and Marketing Communications. My preparation began by attending a nationally ranked high school in Wisconsin. We will write a custom essay sample on A Blank Magazine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Working hard to earn everything that I have accomplished. Freshman year I was captain of my Track and Field team, and sophomore year captain of my Field Hockey team. Each time I was voted into the position by my teammates, which displays great honor and responsibility. Aside from sports I took another path to continue to be involved with my school. Nominated to be a DECA member my junior year. This role involved me in DECA Marketing Nights and our annual DECA FEST, which had a turnout of 8,000 people. For both, I was the event coordinator. Planning these events was some of the most fun I’ve had, and also a crazy addicting process. It challenged my creativity with event ideas and planning, journalism with press releases, and marketing and selling, as I acquired sponsors and sold advertising, and my management skills as I directed the students and volunteers helping at the events. It was one big, overwhelming, adrenaline rush. Later that year I competed in a DECA competition. I was in the Fashion Advertising category where I medaled in both of my sections. Having been a leader in sports and social events, I have learned various ways to communicate with people and deal with issues as they arise. As for the academic side of school, in my junio r year I was inducted into the National Honors Society even though, I’m not your perfect 4.0 GPA student. I had a really hard time in my sophomore year math class. I had never worked so hard just to pass a class. I ended up with a C-, but that was anything but acceptable. I took it again my junior year along with a second math class and ended up with a 95%. Im glad this happened as it taught me that perseverance pays off. It also prepared me for the challenge of strenuous college courses. My dad always says, â€Å"If you’re going to do something, do it right or don’t do it at all.† That’s what I think about FIT. If I’m going to throw myself into one of the most competitive industries in the world, I’m going to attend the university I know will give me the best education and knowledge in my field. FIT will also give me the inside connections to industry leading professionals and most importantly, prepare me for what to expect once I’m out in the world on my own. This may not be the best essay you’re going to read, however, after my junior year and being a part of DECA, I realized that my career aspirations are no longer a â€Å"pie in the sky† dream. It is actually a reality, and with hard work, perseverance, and tenacity, I can accomplish my dream of attending FIT. At the conclusion of my four years of college, I will be different and will be noticed, as I won’t be a blank magazine with no name; I’ll be ready for publishing.

Two Kinds by Amy Tan free essay sample

The story takes place around 1960’s, where the narrator talks about her childhood and 1980’s towards the end when she had grown up to be an adult about thirty years old. In the sixties, many Chinese immigrants came to America to persuade their American Dreams. â€Å"American dream† was first attributed in James Truslow Adams’s 1931 book The Epic of America, where he refers the dream as â€Å"a dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunities according to ability or achievement. † Another key aspect of the dream is freedom, the freedom to pursue happiness in life in this new world. The conflict between Jing Mei and her mother represents the conflict of the two generation of Chinese immigrants in pursuing their American Dream. The first generation, Jing Mei’s mother, who suffered hard life in China before coming to America, emphasized more on survival in her dreams, such as to open a restaurant, to buy a big house, to be rich and famous, whereas, the daughter, who was born in the new land, never go through the hardship of life like her mother, believes in her dream of being happy, free, and most of all, being just the way she is. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Kinds by Amy Tan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jing Mei’s mother lost everything in China including her twin daughters before she came to America. She believes in the American dream of success and tried her very best to turn Jing Mei into a famous prodigy. She works hard to provide her daughter ways to success. She took her to beauty training school to have her hair styled, took dozens of magazines from the houses she cleans so that Jing Mei could be knowledgeable and even provides free house cleaning for her piano teacher in exchange for her piano lessons. Her strong and willful character is well represented the first generation Chinese immigrants. Instead of lamenting over the hardship she had in China, she moves on to create happiness and success in the new land. She was confident that her daughter can be a prodigy if only they can locate her talent and nurture it well. Unfortunately, her effort leads to a deep resentment in Jing Mei. The protagonist and narrator, Jing Mei is the American-born daughter who struggles with the burden of failing to meet her mother’s expectations. She tells the story of her childhood under the pressure of her mother who kept trying to make her a famous prodigy. Although Jing Mei was excited about her mother’s plan at first, as time goes on, when the tasks got harder and harder, she failed to achieve them. Many times, after seeing her mother’s disappointed face she felt â€Å"something inside her began to die†. This shows that in she loves her mother and was afraid to see disappointment in her mother’s attempt to find her talent. Jing Mei lost her confidence and decided not to response to her mother’s effort in nurturing her. Jing Mei’s mother holds on strongly to her Chinese culture. She always uses Chinese language when she speaks to her daughter. She said, â€Å"Ni kan,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. † But she did not realize that in her way of pursuing her American dreams, she sacrificed her own culture. She forced her child to read Western magazines, she sent her to church and made her memorized the bible. By doing so, she created a culture difference between the two of them which leads to many misunderstanding. Being born in America, Jing Mei had a very independent behavior but her mother thinks that she is disobedient. This shows the difference perceptions of the two generations and they do not share the same views on things. Jing Mei struggles to find her own sense of identity against her mother’s wishes and feels that she can be successful through her own effort and determination. She felt that her mother was trying to control her and decided to do things her own way. The situation worsened when both of them failed to communicate with each other. They never listened to each other, and ended up being further apart. She was determined and tried many ways to annoy and displease her mother to end her domination and control, but her mother continued to push on. At last her mother gave up on her when she hurt her by saying that she wished she was dead like the twins she left behind in China. At the end of the story, Jing Mei realized her mistakes after her mother passed away and gave her the piano as a memory. Jing Mei thinks that her mother’s criticism are signs of lack of affection, but the fact is, her mother’s severity and high expectation are the results of her love and faith in her daughter. The mother’s traditional Chinese values of filial obedience, criticism-enveloped expressions of love, and concealment of excessive emotions clash with the daughter’s American ideas about autonomy, free and open speech, and self-esteem. However, as Jing Mei grown up as an adult, she ultimately reconciles some of these cultural and generation differences. Like all mothers, Jing Mei’s mother forgave her hurtful words and offered her the piano on her thirtieth birthday. When Jing Mei played the piano for the first time since childhood, she noticed the piece on the page opposite from the â€Å"Pleading Child† is called â€Å"Perfectly Contented†. She gets to realize that â€Å"they were two halves of the same song†. The names of the two- parts song are very ironic. Despite the differences of Jing Mei and her mother, they were like the songs, they may disagree but they made one stunning song. The song symbolized Jing Mei’s life. During her childhood, she had felt dissatisfied with her life and with the choices she was forced to make. As an adult, when she was offered the piano, she knew that her mother had forgiven her. Therefore she had found her inner peace. She had reconciled the issues of her failures and knew that her mother never considered them failures. It was just the love from a mother that she had for her daughter. Although Amy Tan tells the story of an American Chinese experience, the issues in Two Kinds are universal because the story explores themes of family, their relationship as well as the conflicts of culture which are applicable to all people disregard with their nationality, religion or race. Such themes actually apply to Asian families as well, as love and affection is universal. References: 1. TAN. A, The Joy Luck Club, New York: Ivy Books. 1989, pg 132-148 2. Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. 3. James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America, New York, 1931. 4. dialnet. unirioja. es/descarga/articulo/69045. pdf 5. http://salempress. com/Store/pdfs/joy_critical_insights. pdf

Modelling of underwater acoustic communication network The WritePass Journal

Modelling of underwater acoustic communication network 1. INTRODUCTION Modelling of underwater acoustic communication network 1. INTRODUCTION  2. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES3.   MEDIA ACCESS TECHNIQUES4. MAC PROTOCOLS FOR UNDERWATER NETWORKS5. NETWORK LAYER6. RELATED WORK7. CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS  REFERENCESRelated 1. INTRODUCTION The research on underwater acoustic networks (UAN) is gaining attention due to their important applications for military and commercial purposes. Underwater communication applications mostly involve long term monitoring of selected ocean areas. The traditional approach for ocean bottom monitoring is to deploy underwater sensors, record the data and recover the instruments. However this approach creates long delays in receiving the recorded information and if a failure occurs before the recovery, all the data is lost. The ideal solution for these applications is to establish real time communication between underwater instruments and a communication center within a network configuration . Basic underwater networks (UAN) are formed by establishing a two way acoustic link between various instruments such as autonomous underwater vehicles and sensors. the network is then connected to backbone such as internet, through the RF link. This configuration creates an interactive environment where scientists can extract real time data from multiple underwater instruments. The data is transferred to the control station when it is available hence data loss is prevented until a failure occurs[2]. Underwater networks can also be used to increase the operation range of underwater vehicles. The feasible range of underwater vehicles is limited by the acoustic range of a single modem which varies from 10   to 90 km [2].However   due to high cost involved in underwater devices it is necessary that the deployed network   be highly reliable so as to avoid failure of monitoring mission due to failure of single or multiple devices. From the communication point of view, underwater environment is much different from its terrestrial counterpart. Consequently, the research of UAN’s becomes different and exhibits unique features. It is because: The attenuation of acoustic signals increase with frequency and range resulting in extremely small feasible band. The propagation speed of acoustic wave is 1500m/sec which is several orders of magnitude lower than radio waves [3], thus giving large propagation delays. The channel characteristics vary with time and highly depend on transmitter and receiver. The fluctuating nature of the channel causes distortion in the signals. Due to the variable acoustic environment UAN differ in many aspects such as ranging from network topologies to protocols of all layers compared with the ground one.   2. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES The network topology directly influences network capacity of the underwater channel which is severely limited. It becomes important to organize network topology in such a way that no congestion occurs or in other words designing of network topology with single point of failure should be avoided. Underwater networks can be composed of entirely fixed nodes, entirely mobile nodes or a mixture of both. The   network topology typically need to be ad hoc in nature either because communicating nodes are moving or basic acoustic conditions change with time. There are three basic network topologies that can be used to interconnect network nodes [3]. (1)  Ã‚   Centralized topology   Ã‚  In this topology, each network host is connected to central station known as hub of the network. The network is connected to a backbone at this central station. Deep under water acoustic networks (UAN) has been tested using this configuration where a surface buoy with both an acoustic and RF modem acts as the hub and controls the communication to and from ocean bottom instruments. This topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement .The advantage of this topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. A major disadvantage of this topology is the presence of single failure point.If the hub fails, the entire network goes down. Further, the network cannot cover large areas due to limited range of single modem. (2)  Ã‚   Distributed of point to point topology   This topology provides point to point links between every node of the network. There is just one hop from a node to any other node, hence routing is not necessary. The major disadvantage of this configuration is that excessive power is needed for communicating with widely spread nodes. Further, near far problem [4] is much prominent in which a node can block signals of the neighboring node. (3)  Ã‚   Multihop topology In this topology nodes are involved to send a message from source node to destination. Hence routing is needed which is handled by intelligent algorithms that can adapt to changing conditions.Multihop networks can cover large areas since the range of the network is now determined by number of nodes rather than the range of the modem. The only problem with this topology is that of packet delay as the number of hops increase 3.   MEDIA ACCESS TECHNIQUES Due to scarce bandwidth, long propagation delay and high error rate, underwater nodes in a UAN have to share the available resources. The three basic access techniques are (1) Frequency division multiple access(FDMA)   Ã‚  FDMA divides the bandwidth into several subbands and assigns one of them to a particular user. The band is used by this user only till it is released.FDMA may not be efficient in underwater environment. The available bandwidth is extremely limited .By   dividing the band into smaller sub bands , the coherence bandwidth of the transmission channel can be larger than FDMA subchannel.This will result in severe fading .another issue is that mechanism could in inefficient in bursty[ 4] traffic because bandwidth is fixed for each subband and cannot be adjusted [5] . (2) Time division multiple access(TDMA)   In this multiple access scheme time frame is divided into slots and each slot is assigned one individual   user. Each user transmits in the assigned slot. The advantage of TDMA is power saving which is extremely critical in underwater environment. Since each user transmit only in its assigned slot, transmitter could be turned off during the idle period to save energy.TDMA is also flexible in the way that data rate of users can be increased on demand. The same hardware can be used to transmit and no extra hardware is needed e.g. to add another time slot for a user. The disadvantage of TDMA is that it has larger overload than FDMA which means guard times are included in order to avoid collisions from neighbors. Further, TDMA requires strict time synchronization. The significant difference in propagation delays cause large idle times resulting in decrease in throughput. (3) Code division multiple access   CDMA   This multiple access method is the widely  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   deployed scheme based on spread spectrum. It allows users to transmit signalsall the time with all available bandwidth. Signals from users are distinguished by means of spreading code. This code is orthogonal to the spreading codes used by other users. There are two spreading techniques namely direct sequence spread spectrum(DS) and frequency hopping spread spectrum(FH).In the former case the spread code is multiplied directly(linear modulation) in order to spread the original bits while in latter case, the carrier frequency of a user is changed according to the pattern of the spread code. Following are the main advantages of CDMA (a)  Ã‚   It has higher efficiency and throughput than FDMA and CDMA [3]. (b)  Ã‚   CDMA is very effective against jamming, multipath interference and any other interference that appears deterministic [6]. (c)  Ã‚   Switching from   signal to signal for a transmitter or receiver can be easily done by changing the spread codes. Thus CDMA is flexible. (d)  Ã‚   In DS system, fine time resolution of spreading codes provides the possibility of coherently combining multipath arrivals using rake receiver. The rake receiver identifies three strongest multipath signals and combines them to one powerful signal. If the resolvable multipath components fade independently, it is possible to extract a time diversity gain present in the channel [5]. (e)  Ã‚   Increased communication security. Due to above mentioned reasons, CDMA and spread spectrum signaling appear to be promising multiple access method for shallow water acoustic networks. 4. MAC PROTOCOLS FOR UNDERWATER NETWORKS A lot of media access control (MAC) protocols for underwater networks have been explored such as ALOHA, slotted ALOHA and CSMA. The most significant protocols among underwater networks seem to be CSMA/CA . Carrier sense media access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)  Ã‚   The scarce resources of channel can be utilized much better if users sense the channel before transmitting a packet. This protocol uses two signaling packets called request to send (RTS) and clear to send (CTS). When a device intends to send a packet, it first senses whether another station is already transmitting (carrier sense). If no transmission is sensed, the device will issue RTS signal which contains the length of the message to be sent. If the recipient station senses that the medium is clear, it sends a clear to signal (CTS) which also contains the length of the message to be transmitted. As soon as the station wishing to transmit receives the CTS signal, it sends the actual data packet to its intended recipient. If the transmitting station does not receive the CTS signal in reply, it begins the RTS procedure. The controlling signal CTS should be heard by all the nodes within the range of the receiver node which in turn means that this protocol relies on the symmetry of the channel. It becomes essential to send CTS from a higher level to ensure that all the nodes within the range can hear it. This protocol can be used as a basis of media access protocol for underwater networks. It provides information for power control algorithms as nodes learn the minimum power level needed for reliable communication by trial and error. 5. NETWORK LAYER Single hop transmission becomes inefficient if the range of the network becomes large. In that case multihop transmission is needed to relay the information from source to destination. It has also been proved that in underwater networks multihop transmission is more efficient in terms of power consumption [7]. The network layer is responsible for routing packets from source to destination when multihop is needed. There are two methods of routing namely virtual circuit routing and packet switched routing. In virtual circuit routing, a communication path is decided before the data transmission takes place. Based on resource optimizing algorithm, the system decides which route to follow. For the whole transmission time session between two communicating entities is dedicated and exclusive, and released only when the session terminates. In packet switching, the packets are sent towards the destination irrespective of each other. There is no pre determined path and each packet has to find its own route. Each node is involved in routing the packets in order to determine the next hop of the packet. Underwater networks may have entirely fixed nodes (ocean bottom sensors) or  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   completely mobile nodes (autonomous underwater vehicles).These instruments  Ã‚   temporarily form a network without the aid on any pre existing infrastructure.These are called ad hoc networks [3].The main problem in ad hoc networks is obtaining most recent individual link state in the network, so as to decide best route for the packets. However, in case communication medium is highly variable such as shallow water acoustic channel, the number of routing updates can be very high. Some of the routing protocols that can be used in underwater acoustic networks are as follows [3]: (1)  Ã‚   DSDV (Destination sequenced distance vector)   In this routing algorithm every node maintains a routing table of all available destinations, number of hops to reach the destination and the sequence number assigned by the destination node. The sequence number is used to distinguish stale routes from new routes and thus avoids the formation of loops.   If a node receives new information, it uses the latest sequence number .If the sequence number is same as the one already in the table, the route with better metric will be used. The nodes periodically transmit their routing tables to their neighbors. If a node detects any route to the destination broken, then its hop number is set to infinity and its sequence number is increased.   The disadvantage of DSDV is that its routing tables need to be updated regularly which wastes batter and small bandwidth even when the network is idle. further, if topology of network changes, a new sequence number needs to be added hence DS DV is not suitable for highly dynamic networks. (2)  Ã‚   DSR (Dynamic source routing) Instead on relying on the routing table at intermediate node, DSR makes use of source routing. The sender knows the complete hop by hop route to destination with these routes stored in a route cache. The route for each packet is included in its header. The node which receives the packet checks the header for the next hop and forwards packet. Route discovery works by flooding the network with route requests (RREQ) packets. On receiving the RREQ each node rebroadcasts it, unless it is the destination or it has route to the destination in its route cache. This protocol works well in static and low mobility environments. (3)  Ã‚   AODV (Ad hoc on demand distance vector   This protocol establishes route to the destination only on demand and does not require nodes to maintain routing tables of destinations that are not actively used. Routes are discovered and maintained by route requests (RREQ), route replies (RREP) and route errors (RERR). AODV uses destination sequence numbers on route updates which guarantees loop free path and gives the view of several fresh routes. The advantage of AODV is that it creates no extra traffic for communication along existing links by lowering the number of messages, thus conserving capacity of the network. Also , distance vector routing is simple and does not require much calculation. However time to establish connection and initial establishment of a route is much longer than the other approaches. 6. RELATED WORK The interest in underwater networks and the consequent research has exponentially grown in recent years.   Network Simulation and testing of underwater acoustic networks is relatively a new area, however there already exists some effort in this area. The authors of [2] compare the performances of DSDV, DSR and AODV with regards to following parameters (1)  Ã‚   Total throughput     It is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel and is expressed as bits per second. Throughput is the very important metric in underwater acoustics because of very limited bandwidth. Fig 1: Total throughput for DSDV, DSR and AODV routing protocols [2] The above figure shows the total throughput plotted against the offered load. It can easily be concluded that AODV has the best performance and maximum throughput, whereas DSR routing protocol is the worst. (1) Total packet delivery ratio   It is the ratio between the number of packets sent out by the source and the number of packets correctly received by the corresponding destination. It is calculated by averaging time passed from the time a data packet is generated and when the packet is received by the destination. Fig 2: Total delivered packets for DSDV, DSR and AODV routing protocols [2] The above figure total delivered packets versus the offered load. The plot indicates that the DSR and DSDV have best performance when the offered load is below 0.1 pkt/sec, and AODV protocol is worse when the offered load is   Ã‚  Ã‚   0.1 pkt/sec. however when the offered load increases AODV protocol gives the best performance compared to DSR and DSDV. (1)  Ã‚   Average end to end delay It is the delay in the arrival of packet calculated by averaging the time that passes the time a data packet is generated to when it arrives at its final destination. Figure (3) shows the plot of average end to end delay versus the load offered. The minimum end to end delay is achieved by AODV protocol .DSR is the worst routing protocol having an average delay of 115 sec.In general minimum delay is achieved by all routing protocols when the offered load is small.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fig 3: Total average end to end delay for DSR, DSDV and AODV protocols. [2] In the above mentioned system it can be concluded that AODV routing protocol  Ã‚   achieves maximum throughput and has best performance compared with DSDV and DSR routing protocols. It also gives minimum end to end delay when compared with other protocols. The best performance was achieved when offered load was decreased resulting in increase in packet delivery rate and decrease in average end to end delay. 7. CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS The past decades has significantly advanced underwater networking research. Static protocols such as TDMA or CDMA and dynamic protocols like CSMA/CD have been used in distributed and centralized topologies. DSR, AODV and other lightweight protocols have been investigated for underwater use. Efficient multihop and ad hoc packet routing protocols are promising research areas in future. Time is fast approaching for IEEE 802.11 style standardization for underwater network protocols which will lead to interoperable communication devices that can be used in a plug and play fashion similar to terrestrial wireless systems.   REFERENCES [1] J.Catipovic,  D.Brady, S.Etchemendy, â€Å"Development of. Underwater Acoustic Modems and Networks†oceanography ,vol 6,pp112-119,mar 1993 [2] Omar O. AldawibA Review of current Routing Protocols for AdHoc Underwater Acoustic Networks pp 431-433 aug 2008 [3]E.M.Sozer,M.Stojanovic and J.G.Proakis,Underwater Acoustic Networks, IEEE J. OceanicEng.,vol.25,no. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 72-83. [4] K .Pahlavan and A.H Levesque,wireless information networks,New York,wiley,1995 [5] T. S. Rappaport, â€Å"Wireless Communications†, Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996. [6] A. J. Viterbi, â€Å"CDMA, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication†, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, May, 1997 [7] M. Stojanavic, â€Å"On the Relationship Between Capacity and Distance in an Underwater Acoustic Communication Channel†, ACM WUWNet ’06, pp. 41 – 47, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Sept., 2006

Wave-Particle Duality Definition

Wave-Particle Duality Definition Wave-particle duality describes the properties of photons and subatomic particles to exhibit properties of both waves and particles. Wave-particle duality is an important part of quantum mechanics  as it offers a way to explain why concepts of wave and particle, which work in classical mechanics, dont cover the behavior of quantum objects. The dual nature of light gained acceptance after 1905, when Albert Einstein described light in terms of photons, which exhibited properties of particles, and then presented his famous paper on special relativity, in which light acted as a field of waves. Particles That Exhibit Wave-Particle Duality Wave-particle duality has been demonstrated for photons (light), elementary particles, atoms, and molecules. However, the wave properties of larger particles, such as molecules, have extremely short wavelengths and are difficult to detect and measure. Classical mechanics is generally sufficient for describing the behavior of macroscopic entities. Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality Numerous experiments have validated wave-particle duality, but there are a few specific early experiments that ended the debate about whether light consists of either waves or particles: Photoelectric Effect - Light Behaves as Particles The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon where metals emit electrons when exposed to light. The behavior of the photoelectrons could not be explained by classical electromagnetic theory. Heinrich Hertz noted that shining ultraviolet light on electrodes enhanced their ability to make electric sparks (1887). Einstein (1905) explained the photoelectric effect as resulting from light carried in discrete quantized packets. Robert Millikans experiment (1921) confirmed Einsteins description and led to Einstein winning the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect and Millikan winning the Nobel Prize in 1923 for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect. Davisson-Germer Experiment - Light Behaves as Waves The Davisson-Germer experiment confirmed the deBroglie hypothesis and served as a foundation for the formulation of quantum mechanics. The experiment essentially applied the Bragg law of diffraction to particles. The experimental vacuum apparatus measured the electron energies scattered from the surface of a heated wire filament and allowed to strike a nickel metal surface. The electron beam could be rotated to measure the effect of changing the angle on the scattered electrons. The researchers found that the intensity of the scattered beam peaked at certain angles. This indicated wave behavior and could be explained by applying the Bragg law to the nickel crystal lattice spacing. Thomas Youngs Double-Slit Experiment Youngs double slit experiment can be explained using wave-particle duality. Emitted light moves away from its source as an electromagnetic wave. Upon encountering a slit, the wave passes through the slit and divides into two wavefronts, which overlap. At the moment of impact onto the screen, the wave field collapses into a single point and becomes a photon.

Society and Political Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Society and Political Sciences - Essay Example However, in the world of sociology and study of theories, the word "welfare" is preferred over happiness. This is to say that how much value that end result has on the person, relates to how much "welfare" he gets out of it. Rights and Justice: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person" says the UN Human Rights Declaration website. These three statements merely cover the first basic rights to being called human. Today, we see justice being called in accordance with the law. But, still in many places today we see assassinations of rights being made to keep the law clean, to simply have justice. This so called justice, as the book defines it, is slashing away people's throats just to do what the law feels is appropriate. The war on terror is the biggest example we have today which has led to the deterioration of man, in pursuit of dreams of "advancement" and "power". Deal terror with justice, pose war on terror, abolish capital punishment, stop child ab use, stop violence against women, have proper arms control etc are issues we deal with when we talk about law. But, most of the time, we are faced with complexities when we start defining limits and learn that things are so deeply mixed together that it's difficult to not have dilemmas when dealing with human rights and justice. Does America deal with it better than other countries, is still a question left unanswered. The Market System: This concept pertains to establishing boundaries and limits that define how economic, social and political forces interact to form a system called the Market System. With the help of a market system, coordination between these forces is maintained and given a boost as when required. It erases confusion and directs by giving away what responsibilities each role carries. According to this system, even the smallest things are not avoided and the resulting picture is complete with collective goals, control and continuity. Cost-Benefit Analysis: This relates to how governments set their regulations through the use of measuring up their decisions and options carefully. This method is called the cost-benefit analysis since each option is carefully weighed out. It is important to employ this rule, since it's essential to our existence that we think about the future as well when making decisions. The kind of effects one's decision can have on for instance our future generations is one example. When cost-benefit analysis is accurately incorporated in ruling a country or simply making any decision, it automatically becomes effective. Kantianism: This is a moral theory that was coined by Immanuel Kant. Kant proposes that intentions play a great role in praising or punishing a person's acts. A person's purpose or drive behind his action is the main factor that results in the outcome being labeled good/praise-worthy or bad/punishable. Hence, this concept relates to morality, because

Income Taxation Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Income Taxation Project - Research Paper Example He is thinking on the various aspects and benefits of loan like tax implications, deductions, and alternative minimum tax (AMT) etc. He wants to be wise in taking the loan, so that he doesn’t miss any of the tax benefits. He is also seeking further tax advice on this and wants to know if the tax deductions for house owners will cause him to pay more AMT than which he normally pays because of his high income. 2. Mr. Block can avail tax benefits on as per the regulations specified in IRS Publication 936 Main Content. This includes mortgage interest, mortgage interest premiums etc. He can also detect the payments made during purchase such as Real Estate Taxes (IRS Publication 530, Main content). If he prepays the interest for mortgage that interest can also be deducted as mortgage interest as per Topic 504, Home Mortgage Points. 4. The amount of loan Mr. Block requires is greater than $100,000. In that case, he will not be able to deduct all the interest he pays towards the loan. This is present in Topic 504, Home Mortgage points. The loan period also plays a major role in the deductions he can avail. He can avail benefits if the loan period is not greater than 30 years. Also, Mr. Block can reduce the interest only if the debt is a secured debt. Further details can be obtained from IRS Publication 936 Main Content. 5. Mr. Block should also be concerned about the various Fraud practices and schemes such as property flipping, more than one settlement statement for the same house etc. as mentioned in the IRS Mortgage and Real estate Fraud section. 1. Does his earlier investment or salary have any impact on the maximum loan amount that he can get? What will be the case if he does not have a steady income and investment? Will he be able to buy the house? Generally, home mortgage interest is any interest you pay on a loan secured by your home (main home or a second home).

Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination Essay Racial discrimination has long been an issue especially in the United States which is considered as a melting pot of different people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Black people have experienced extreme even radical form of discrimination for centuries, but now, the black people found an ally in the affirmative action policy. This policy, after some time of implementation sparked debate since some people, even the blacks themselves, say that giving racial preferences is never a good thing. The policy has affected admission aspects in schools and employment in jobs. Two job applicants, a white male and a black male, even with the same qualifications, the black male will likely get the job because of racial preference provided by affirmative action. Black people are being given a definite advantage and white people would find this an unfair treatment. The same goes for school admission policies where minorities are being given a higher preference over white people in order to maintain a diverse student body. Thesis Affirmative action laws were made to eliminate or reduce discriminatory acts but there are numerous claims that these laws have reversed the tide. Affirmative actions laws may no longer be considered fair in this current setting since it only results in reverse discrimination and it is no longer an effective means of providing opportunities for minority groups. This reverse discrimination is constituted by racial preferences for blacks. This racial preference clouds the judgment of many educational institutions and employers since racial background is being analyzed instead of just the plain qualifications which some white people might find inappropriate. Affirmative action was envisioned to put an end to racial discrimination especially against black people. Under this policy, black people were given higher preferences in job and in admission policies in universities. This is however not an answer to eliminating discrimination. Instead of giving higher preferences to those people who are being discriminated such as the black people, a better alternative solution to racial discrimination would be to find steps to eliminate discriminatory acts and leveling the field so that all people from different ethnic backgrounds will be presented with equal opportunities. Since the black people are being given higher preferences, this may appear as a form of discrimination against white people. Affirmative action, instead of fulfilling its intention of eliminating discrimination, rather contributes to it. One of the major focuses of the affirmative action debate is its inclusion in university admission policies which show higher preferences for black applicants. Many people have been calling for the ban of the use of affirmative action in the public arena. Voters in California, Washington and Michigan have already submitted amendments to their state constitutions that would prohibit the use of affirmative action in the public setting (Prince Ryan, 2007). According to actor and columnist Joseph Phillips, affirmative action is not an issue of nondiscrimination, it is now about racial preferences. He emphasized on the point that racial preferences is not an effective way of fighting racism, instead, it brings about negative stereotypes especially in the educational sector wherein it pertains to a person’s intellectual capacity and academic capabilities (Prince Ryan, 2007). In a Supreme Court ruling in 2003 which involves the University of Michigan which makes use of racial preferences in its admission policies, the court highlighted the goal of having a diverse student body which is brought about by affirmative action but critics say that this decision by the court would only spark more law suits and that the critics of affirmative action would continue to put pressure on the Department of Education to discontinue the use of the policy (Marklein, 2003). Evidences have been presented regarding the effects of affirmative action; however, these evidences always seem imperfect and ambiguous. A review of the policy during the Clinton administration indicated that active federal enforcement of the policy in the 1970s resulted in government contractors moderately increasing the hiring of minority workers. Studies have indicated that there is only a meager increase in the employment of black males. Employment share of black males in contractor firms in 1974 was 5. 8 percent and this figure only increased to 6. 7 percent in 1980. On the other hand, the increase in non-contractor firms was from 5. 3 percent to 5. 9 percent. Also, a substantial number of black government employees got their jobs or promotion to managerial rank because of affirmative action even if qualifications are questionable (Galston). In the education sector, it was only during the height of the affirmative action policy that the enrollment of black people was on a steady rise. From only 4. 9 percent in 1955, black enrollment went up to 7. 8 percent in 1970. The figure further increased to 9. 1 percent in 1980 and 11. 3 percent in 1990. On the other hand, according to a report from the Census Bureau, Hispanics holding bachelors degrees or other advanced degrees went up to 9 percent in 1994 from only 5 percent in 1970 while the rate for blacks is 12. 9 percent from 4. 5 percent (Galston). Another issue that rises with affirmative action is that minority groups may gain an image of inferiority since the whites may think that a black student was able to enter the university or a black person is able to get a job only because of affirmative action even if the black person has all the necessary qualifications (Hoffman). Overall, the past 30 years has been fruitful for the black people as they generally lived better lives with better education and income all because of racial preferences. This has resulted into what Seymour Martin Lipset classifies as a â€Å"growing differentiation† within the community of black people from the growing black middle class to the ghetto poor. The affirmative action program would work better if it would remove barriers for those who have the credentials to succeed instead of giving them a definite advantage in admissions. Anti-Thesis Supporters of affirmative action make use of the argument that it is necessary for the people compensate for years of discriminations against blacks. Many black people approve of affirmative action because it provides recompense against the discrimination that they have experienced and endured in the past but not all black people share this kind of insight. Steele said that, theoretically, affirmative action is in moral symmetry with fairness. She described the policy as reformist and corrective as well as repentant and redemptive. The country is trying to make up for its sins and wants to correct it but black people will lose more than what they will gain from the policy (Steele). Some also argue that it is difficult to remove stereotyping and discrimination without the policy and that it is needed to maintain diversity. Another argument states that affirmative action should continue because racism still exists in this society. The argument that affirmative action is needed for the white people to compensate for the discrimination against blacks is shrouded in hatred and appears as a form of retaliation against the white people. However, retaliation will not improve the situation. It might even spark more discrimination against black people if affirmative action policies continue to be implemented and this could lead to more hatred and discrimination against the minority groups. According to Kimberle Crenshaw, a professor of law at the University of California, affirmative actions removes the obstacles so that people from the minority groups can qualify and compete. With affirmative action, blacks, Hispanics and other minority group find it easier to get a job because of racial preferences geared toward these minorities (Prince Ryan, 2007). Affirmative action exists because there is discrimination, if there is no discriminations, affirmative action would not be needed in this society. The fact that affirmative action exists is because there is still discrimination and it is still needed in the current setting. Those who believe that affirmative action is in conflict with their interest must be made to see what benefits it provides to the society. Racism is still dominant in the United States which is why affirmative action must stay (Noguera, 1996). According to Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, the Michigan University case speaks of admission and scholarship programs for minority groups which make use of substantially different standards and must include the racial background. People against the policy said that they will take their case to the ballots but the court has already made it clear that it is the universitys prerogative to include race in the admission policy to ensure the diversity of the student body (Marklein, 2003). The 2003 Supreme Court ruling allowed admission officials to consider race in the selection process. Colleges and universities have no obligation to use racial preferences but they may adopt such policies to meet a satisfactory level of student diversity. Arthur Coleman, a former official under the Department of Education said that adopting diversity is a choice and is not mandated by any law or policy. According to a survey by Public Agenda, 79 percent of Americans agreed that it is important for schools to have a diverse student body while only 54 percent approved of affirmative action programs. In a separate poll conducted by Gallup before the court handed out its ruling, only 49 percent said that they are in favor of affirmative action while 43 percent said that they are not in favor (Marklein, 2003). Synthesis Affirmative action was made to eliminate discrimination but discrimination would not likely be eliminated if the method used to eliminate it is discriminating in itself since it results in a reverse discrimination. Instead of blacks being discriminated, the white people are now the ones being discriminated because of racial preferences given to black people in school admission policies and employment opportunities. Arguing that affirmative action is fair because blacks were once discriminated to a great extent is not valid since it is only driven by hatred towards white people who were discriminating the blacks and other minorities (Steele). Also, continuing affirmative actions only causes white people to hate the blacks because of the racial preferences that they are being handed. White people who believe that they have the qualifications but are turned down while a black person gets in may think that affirmative action gave him a disadvantage and not because the black person is really qualified (Hoffman). Affirmative action will not eliminate racial discrimination but it rather contributes to it. The policy may have its benefits every now and then, but generally, it is no longer applicable in the current setting as more and more white people are feeling the negative effects of the policy. It does remove barriers so that people from minorities can compete but it comes with a price. They gain an image of inferiority because people may think that it is only because of affirmative action that they have reached a certain level of success and not because they are really qualified (Hoffman). The Supreme Court has handed out its decision in the Michigan University case and the decision maintained that the school may use the race as part of the admission policy to maintain the diversity of the student body. Even without affirmative action, colleges can use race as a basis of application to meet a desired rate of student diversity since having a diverse student body promotes a better learning environment (Marklein, 2003). Ultimately, data indicates that affirmative action is no longer effective which means that it is time to adopt an alternative policy (Galston). A better way of embracing diversity would be to encourage minorities from a young age to work for their goals and get a good education. Assisting people from poor socio-economic backgrounds to gain resources and motivation should also be done so that they will also be competent when it comes to school admission and job-seeking. This is a lot better than giving them preferential treatment because they would not be treated as inferiors (Hoffman). Conclusion To conclude, affirmative action may have been an effective way of reducing racial discrimination against minorities, but now, it is no longer applicable to be used in the current setting since it results in reverse discrimination. The white people are now put in a seat that was once held by other minorities. Affirmative action might trigger hate targeted towards the blacks and other minorities because of the reverse discrimination. The policy which gives racial preferences also connects inferiority with minority groups. A better way of eliminating discrimination is by leveling the playing field not by racial preferences but by providing equal opportunities for whites and minority groups. References Prince, Andrew Ryan, Erica. 21 November 2007. Is it Time to End Affirmative Action?. National Public Radio. Retrieved July 8, 2008 from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=16337441 Marklein, Mary Beth. 24 June 2003. Despite ruling, affirmative action debate is far fr

Marine Corps: Re-socialization of Young Men into a Warrior Society Essa

In a film we saw recently, one of the speakers, Dr. John Houghton was speaking on socialization. One remark he made, to the effect that what we, as individuals, become is based on what chances we are given and what we learn (Research Methods, 1996), was considered so important that it was repeated again at the end of the film. His statement fits perfectly with the topic of this study: the re-socialization of young men into the warrior society of the United States Marine Corps. Unlike the recruiting efforts of the other services, which seem to focus on what you have to gain by serving with them, the Marine Corps’ recruiting philosophy has always been one of challenging; giving young men the chance to prove that they have what it takes to be U.S. Marines. â€Å"We Never Promised You a Rose Garden,† â€Å"Take up the Challenge,† and â€Å"The Marine are Looking for a Few Good Men† are all recruiting slogans aimed at inviting prospective Marines to pro ve they have what it takes to be a Marine. This philosophy seems to work because the Marine Corps is the one branch of service that consistently meets its recruiting goals year after year. The question here is whether or not the re-socialization process is necessary and does it serve a useful purpose. If it does, what is that purpose? To the best of my knowledge there has never been a sociological study of the effects of Marine recruit training, and only one or two non-fiction books have been written about the training of male Marine recruits, most by someone who never served in the Corps. This paper will make reference to those works, but for the most part will rely on the experiences of the author, a Marine for more than 30 years; five of those as a drill instructor whose primary... ...all themselves United States Marines, forever a member of the warrior society. Still a part of American society, yet forever changed: re-socialized for a higher purpose. Sources Alvarez, E. (1984). Where It All Began: A History of the United States Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina. Blountstown, FL: Gayle. Banning, L. (Producer), Milos, F. (Director) (1996). Research Methods for the Social Sciences. [Film]. (Available from Horizon Film and Video, Austin, TX) Duncan, H. G., & Moore, W. T. (1980). Green Side Out: Marine Corps Sea Stories. Blountstown, FL: Gayle. Moore, H. (1983). Rows of Corns: A True Account of a Parris Island Recruit. Orangeburg, SC: Sandlapper. Regimental Order P1510.37G (1980). Close Order Drill Manual. San Diego: Recruit Training Depot. Ricks, T. E. (1997) Making the Corps. New York: Scribner.

Virtual keyboard

There is a wide range of innovative input device selections available in the market today. Most of these input devices are designed for ease of use. Previous devices are usually developed and improved to devise new inventions fitting for the pressing needs of the computer client. In some cases, these brand new gadgets are dispensable, simply for plain entertainment. Browsing through the internet has provided the writer with information about the latest input devices that have swamped the market for gadget finds. I have chosen three different keyboard innovations, putting them side by side, to identify their functionality and efficiency. Through a simple analysis of product descriptions, the value and marketability of each is also identified. The virtual keyboard is a laser technology that takes input through keyboard to a new level. The virtual keyboard is an I-Tech innovation that is merely a projection of the standard keyboard interface. Practically speaking, the virtual keyboard can be cast on any type of surface. This is a perfect companion for laptop, PDA, Pocket PC, and Smart Phones users, accustomed to traveling around. The virtual keyboard works in a complex manner as it processes movements of the hand and the fingers to identify and carry out various keystrokes. Each keystroke is coupled with a tapping sound for a realistic feel.   It does not use up much power because when it is not in use, it vanishes automatically from sight. The virtual keyboard can be connected to any device through USB or Bluetooth connection. The FrogPad mini keyboard is another interesting keyboard device because of its size. Its dimensions are smaller than the regular keyboard dimensions and it has only around 20 functional keys. Like the virtual keyboard, it is also designed for traveling and outdoor use. An interesting fact about the FrogPad mini keyboard is that it is one-handed. Inputting only requires the use of one hand allowing you to do other things while typing. It can be connected to any type of device such as PDA, Laptop, Pocket PC’s, Smart Phones, and other varieties of mobile devices through USB. The FrogPad mini keyboard is widely used in computers installed in vehicles because of its functionality and simply because it saves much space. Its newest development is the FrogPad Bluetooth wireless keyboard. The Step On It keyboard control pedals by Bilbo Innovation, Inc. is a plug and play   keyboard peripheral that makes use of a three electronic pedals in replacement of some keyboard keys, such as the Ctrl, Alt and Shift keys. However, designating other keys to each pedal is allowed, as desired by the user. The objective of the keyboard control pedal is to reduce wrist strains that may have caused by prolonged typing activity. Among the three keyboard innovations listed above, I think the device having the most market potential is the FrogPad mini keyboard. A lot people nowadays are looking for ways to maximize their time and be able to do multiple tasks at the same. The FrogPad mini keyboard enables you to this. As it saves much space, it is also easy to bring anywhere you want to go, through the use of handheld devices and other computers. It also offers a one-handed feature where it permits multi-tasking. It also comes with features like switching left hand and the right hand, and its interface allows users for easy input. The I-tech virtual keyboard comes next with regards to market potential. Aside from its attractive and hi-tech design, it is also practical and functional for people on the go. It is best to use it with handheld devices to save space. The most interesting thing about it is that it each keystroke is accompanied by a real tapping noise similar to the tapping sound in regular keyboard devices. It was creatively designed and well thought of, producing an innovation that captures the attention of the computer client. The Step On It keyboard control pedals are impractical. It results to confusion as it changes the way the keyboard is used. It complicates things because you have to mix the use of your fingers and your feet. I would have to say it has not proved its potential for consumer consumption. References Bilbo, (2007) Step On It! Keyboard Pedals. Retrieved December 4, 2007 from Bilbo Innovations Inc. Website: http://www.bilbo.com/ Fogg, M. (2006) Virtual Laser Keyboard Now Available. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from Overclocl3d Ltd. Website: http://www.overclock3d.net/news.php?type=3&id=491&desc=virtual_laser_keyboard_now_available HackerStickers, (2006). FrogPad Mini Keyboard USB. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from HackerStickers.com. Website: http://www.hackerstickers.com/products/frogpad-mini-keyboard-usb.shtml   

Outsourced

The film profiles the lives of four young Indian women who work in outsourcing jobs at a company called Genpact. l They see their work as an exciting opportunity and an important source of income for their families. They take their Jobs seriously and believe their oles are an important step towards financial security and professional advancement. By way of contrast, the film also canvasses the experiences of four Australian call-centre workers who do not consider their Jobs as careers.They are young, itinerant workers who, despite earning up to five times the wage of their Indian counterparts, do not regard their Jobs as being long- About this study guide > Key themes discussed in this study guide are: globalization, economics, business, gender, trade, society and culture. The study guide includes questions and activities to be explored before and after watching the film. e questions can be incorporated into classroom discussion or students can provide individual written responses.Th e activities in the study guide include a mixture of individual investigation, class discussion, and small group work. Specific questions and activities for students of media studies are included under a separate heading. Curriculum Links In OUTSOURCED! , filmmakers safina Uberoi and Anna Cater examine Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), focusing on an Indian company that wins contracts to take over many ‘back office' functions of companies located in developed countries.With many Western white-collar Jobs being ost to the BPO industry, the subject is a controversial topic in the world's economies. Choosing to shoot the majority of the documentary in India, they concentrated particularly on the perspective of women because it is female employment in the Indian BPO industry that is creating tremendous social change for its participants. Both Uberoi and Cater have prior

Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline

Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local NAACP, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. As a result, Parks was arrested for violating a city law. Parks’ actions and subsequent arrest launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott, pushing Martin Luther King Jr. into the national spotlight. Background Jim Crow Era laws segregating African-Americans and whites in the South was a way of life and upheld by the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision. Throughout southern states, African-Americans could not use the same public facilities as white residents. Private businesses reserved the right not to serve African-Americans. In Montgomery, whites were allowed to board the bus through the front doors. African-Americans, however, had to pay in the front and then go to the back of the bus to board. It was not uncommon for a bus driver to pull off before an African-American passenger could board through the back. Whites were able to take seats in the front while African-Americans had to sit in the back. It was at the discretion of the bus driver to identify where the â€Å"colored section† was located. It is also important to remember that African-Americans could not even sit in the same row as whites. So if a white person boarded, there were no free seats, an entire row of African-American passengers would have to stand so that the white passenger could sit. Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline 1954 Professor Joann Robinson, president of the Women’s Political Council (WPC), meets with Montgomery city officials to discuss changes to the bus system- namely segregation. 1955 March On March 2, Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old girl from Montgomery, is arrested for refusing to allow a white passenger to sit in her seat. Colvin is charged with assault, disorderly conduct, and violating segregation laws. Throughout the month of March, local African-American leaders meet with Montgomery city administrators concerning segregated buses. local NAACP president E.D. Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., and Rosa Parks are present at the meeting. However, Colvin’s arrest does not ignite anger in the African-American community and a boycott plan is not devised. October On October 21, Eighteen-year-old Mary Louise Smith is arrested for not giving up her seat to a white bus rider. December On December 1, Rosa Parks is arrested for not allowing a white man to sit in her seat on the bus. The WPC launches a one-day bus boycott on December 2. Robinson also creates and distributes flyers throughout Montgomery’s African-American community concerning Parks’ case and a call to action: boycott the bus system of December 5. On December 5, the boycott was held and almost all members of Montgomery’s  African-American community participate. Robinson reached out to Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, pastors at two of the largest African-American churches in Montgomery. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) is established and King is elected president. The organization also votes to extend the boycott. By December 8, the MIA presented a formal list of demands to Montgomery city officials. Local officials refuse to desegregate buses. On December 13, the MIA creates a carpooling system for African-American residents participating in the boycott. 1956 January King’s home is bombed on January 30. The following day, E.D. Dixon’s home is also bombed. February   On February 21, more than 80 leaders of the boycott are indicted as a result of Alabama’s anti-conspiracy laws. March King is indicted as the boycott’s leader on March 19. He is ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail. June   Bus segregation is ruled unconstitutional by a federal district court on June 5. November   By November 13, the Supreme Court upheld the district court’s ruling and struck down laws legalizing racial segregation on buses. However, the MIA will not end the boycott until the desegregation of buses was officially enacted. December   On December 20, the Supreme Court’s injunction against public buses is delivered to Montgomery city officials. The following day, December 21, Montgomery public buses are desegregated and the MIA ends its boycott. Aftermath In history books, it is often argued that the Montgomery Bus Boycott placed King in the national spotlight and launched the modern Civil Rights Movement. Yet how much do we know about Montgomery after the boycott? Two days after the desegregation of bus seating, a shot was fired into the front door of King’s home. The following day, a group of white men assaulted an African-American teenager exiting a bus. Soon after, two buses were fired at by snipers, shooting a pregnant woman in both of her legs. By January 1957, five African-American churches were bombed as was the home of Robert S. Graetz, who had sided with the MIA. As a result of the violence,  city officials suspended bus service for several weeks. Later that year, Parks, who had launched the boycott, left the city permanently for Detroit.

African influence on Western Culture Essay Example for Free

African influence on Western Culture Essay ? Africa, a continent with a not so peaceful history, has always been mysterious and amazing, all at the same time. â€Å"Afri† was a Latin name used to refer to the Carthaginians who lived in Northern Africa from the 9th century B.C to the 7th century A.D when the last Punic culture was destroyed in the Arab conquest. Before I start recounting my general point of view on the topic above, I would like to share a brief opinion about multiculturalism. Some people refer to multiculturalism as a word that describes society where many different cultures live together in peace. But is it always like that? What about inherent racism and fear? Over the last few years, lots of people have been exploiting it in order to abuse other cultures and discriminate people who are different from them. In a normal world, they would be reprimanded and heavily fined. In most countries, that’s not the case and even the authorities do not care about them. On the other hand, all cultures deserve respect, including the African ones. Cultures have been developed over centuries to allow people to live together, reasonably and peacefully. Multiculturalism can mean a country accepting some practices it tends to object to, but it can also mean that a culture becomes exposed to other ways of living, which could have quite a bad impact on the other dwellers. In conclusion, we must learn that accepting people as they are is of great importance. It is important to respect each other, and one should know that living by moral standards is one irreplaceable thing. African influence on Western Culture. (2016, Nov 27).

Rooms Devision Operations Management Assignment - 1

Rooms Devision Operations Management - Assignment Example Front office is the departments found in an office that have direct and first contact with the customers. The department is sub divided into various segments. They include the marketing department, the sales department, service department that we as well have the receptionists. It is very important to highlight that the front office is therefore the department that welcomes and receives the guests and visitors to the accommodation or rather hospitality facility. The staff shows their warm and good reception by meeting the guests, greeting them, and discussing with them in depth about the reservation arrangements. The check in systems as well as the check outs is as well factors that the department conducts as they get into the rooms and as they leave the rooms. The staff there again ensures the provision of the key to the guests and ensures that proper security is accorded to the guests, the department as well has accounting and communication department that passes information and se ttles accounts (Sue 2001). The front office offers very crucial services that are considered to be very crucial to the customers and the actions that are done have massive consequences to the accommodation facility. ... This department issues the keys to the guests and takes them top the various rooms that they have allocated to them (Michael 2010). Communication The front office department has the messengers and the communication facilities that facilitate the easier passing of information among the employees and the guests. Information among the staff could be on the consultation of the availability of the bed space and any other service needed that would be for the satisfaction of the customers taste and for their well being. The guests can as well use the communication department in making advance reservations and making of other service orders while they are in the premises (Sue 2001). Security It is important to note that the font office has the security department. The security department is concerned on the safety and security of the guests, the property of the guests, the staff employed by the accommodation or hotel organization and also the facilities that belong to the organization. Secur ity is another crucial factor that is quite sensitive and should always be put into consideration by the management of any hospitality firm (Ahmed 2012). Sales and Marketing It is very normal that any institution that is business oriented has its main target as making profit. For a business to make profit there must be proper sales and marketing done. This is therefore the reason for the creation of the sales and marketing department. The sales and marketing service that the accommodation organization does is based on various factors. The quality of the service that is offered by the organization is a very crucial factor that markets an organization. Sales and marketing service as well can

Abolition of the Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abolition of the Death Penalty - Essay Example Means of capital punishment include but not limited to; hanging, crucifixion, electrocution, stoning etc. Van Den Haag gives five reasons justifying the constitutionality of the death penalty by concluding that the constitution allows for death penalty which is not the case (van den hag 128).The constitution states that â€Å"if life was to be taken away as form of punishment, then it must be in accordance with the due process of the law†, this proposition is conditional and accords the government a choice to either abolish it or effect it in light of the due process of the law. For this reason I wish to put forth arguments that would lead to the abolition of death penalty. Dissenting Van den hag argues that the death penalty acts as deterrence for future murders. Death being the most severe form of punishment is most feared and a murder would think before carrying out his intention. Previous studies have shown that quiet a number of murders were deterred since the introductio n of death sentence. However, the death sentence takes quiet a long time before it is administered and the use of alternative equally feared forms of punishments could be used instead as a form of deterrence. Deterrence has its limitations as someone already imprisoned and sentenced for death would not be afraid to kill their inmates as well as the prison guards. Death sentence can only be effective in deterring murders if it is carried out fast enough which is usually not the case. Retributive justice comes into play when an imbalance occurs in society due to a loss of life from the hands of a criminal. That balance must be restored by taking away the murderers life. Concurring In rebuttal to deterrence, the death sentence has not been proven to deter future murders. The difference between life imprisonment and death sentence is negligible. Death sentence can have the effect of brutalizing the society, which then makes it a less effective tool for deterring murder as this increases the possibility of more murder (Anckar, 2004, 189). Most murders are committed by people in altered states of mind. It might be that a person acted in moments of immense emotional imbalance due to anger or substance abuse. Also, the person committing murder does not expect to be found out. It would be suffice to say that the death sentence cannot deter such persons or drug abusing criminals from committing murder as they are not in a position to evaluate the possibility of life imprisonment or the death penalty itself. The death penalty has not been proven to deter more murders than life imprisonment, as most prisoners serving life imprisonment are involved in routine works and like any other prisoner, they are unlikely to commit any crime. People’s security can be guaranteed by offering life sentence without parole without having to use the death penalty (Bae,2007, 235). Long-term imprisonment being a severe punishment can deter any rational human being from committing murd er; however this is not possible as most premeditated murders involve a criminal who is planning on not getting caught or people who murdered out of sheer emotion.. Police in states with the death penalty are not safe compared to police officers in abolitionist states. Also, prison personnel and prisoners are not safe in states with the death penalty than those without. (Wolftson, 1982, 167) In rebuttal to retribution, Sanctity of life should not be compromised to death penalty. Retribution being akin to revenge should not be exercised by a civilized society. Capital punishment has so many problems and risks associated with it and the need for vengeance should not justify its existence. Sanctioning killing for revenge motives lowers the dignity of a mature society which is

The community ecology of the organism Research Paper

The community ecology of the organism - Research Paper Example The community ecology of the organism Sea otters are keystone predators, whose presence has a far-reaching influence on the marine food web by affecting the populations of sea urchins, which indirectly affects the populations of kelp forests & other marine organisms. There has been a steep decline in sea otter populations due to water pollution and exploitation for furs. This has affected marine ecology adversely. It is therefore suggested that sea otters should be included in the endangered species list to protect them from further exploitation. This study focuses on the community ecology of sea otters and their impact on marine ecology. The need for their inclusion in the Endangered Species list and implications of such an intervention are also evaluated. Community ecology Sea otters predate on many herbivorous invertebrates, including sea urchins. Sea urchins feed on kelps, which are an important habitat for fishes and other marine organisms. A high population of sea urchins has an adverse effect on kelp forests. Sinc e sea otters predate upon sea urchins, their populations are kept in check. â€Å"This reduces the grazing pressure on kelp, facilitating macroalgal growth† (Laidre). Therefore, sea otters play an indirect, yet vital role in the preservation of kelp forests. This in turn protects kelp forests and other macroalgae, which would have otherwise been depleted due to grazing by sea urchins.in turn protects kelp forests and other macroalgae, which would have otherwise been depleted due to grazing by sea urchins. â€Å"Where sea otters abound so do lush kelp forests, and where sea otters are absent the habitat is typically deforested by hyperabundant sea urchins† (Soule et al 1240). The significance of this interaction can be wholly surmised only when the importance of kelp forests is understood. â€Å"Kelp forests are a source of food and habitat for dozens of other coastal species† (Soule et al 1240). Innumerable coastal marine organisms thrive on kelp forests, enhanc ing biodiversity of the region. Therefore, to maintain the diversity and richness of coastal marine ecology, sea otters should be preserved, who indirectly lead to the preservation of kelps. Impact of sea otters on community ecology The presence or absence of sea otters influences marine ecology at the community-level. Studies have shown that kelp forests enhance the underwater environment, providing a suitable habitat for fishes. The declining kelp beds in California in the mid 1900’s propelled the Kelp Habitat Improvement Project, whereby attempts were made to eliminate sea urchins that are primary predators of kelps. Studies showed that the elimination of sea otters during the 1800s from the Californian waters might be responsible for the dwindling numbers of kelp forests. Further studies have also shown that the population density of sea otters affects seaweed biodiversity too. In a study conducted in Alaska on three different bays, the Torch Bay, Deer Harbor and the Surg e Bay, it was found that â€Å"the presence of sea otters led to a decrease in the population of sea urchins, which led to an increase in the population of seaweeds† (â€Å"Interaction with kelps & sea otters†). In addition, it was also found that annual kelps predominated the areas where sea otters were present, and perennial kelps predominated in areas that had lesser sea otter populations (qtd. in â€Å"Interaction with kelps & sea otters†). As is evident, sea otters are vital for maintenance of kelp communities that are primary habitats of other coastal marine

Johnson And Johnson Company Information Technology Essay

Johnson And Johnson Company Information Technology Essay Imagine youre on your way home from work, you stop at your local pharmacy and go to the thermometer section. You will need to purchase a rectal thermometer made by Johnson and Johnson. Be very sure you get this brand. When you get home, lock your doors, draw the drapes, and disconnect the phone so you will not be disturbed during your therapy. Change to very comfortable clothing, such as a sweat suit and lie down on your bed. Open the package and remove the thermometer. Carefully place it on the bedside table so that it will not become chipped or broken. Take out the material that comes with the thermometer and read it. You will notice than in small print there is a statement that reads: Every rectal thermometer made by Johnson Johnson is personally tested. (Mikkelson, Barbara). This sparked a rumor that it is someones job at Johnson Johnson to personally test every rectal thermometer they sell. Snopes.com started their investigation by buying all of Johnson Johnsons rectal thermometers at a local drug store. They opened each box and found no such statement. The statements on the thermometer read calibrated for accuracy, not personally tested. Rectal thermometers are not tested the same way the consumer would use the product. Personally testing the thermometers is to labor intensive and time consuming for such an inexpensive product, nor would it ensure accuracy because the body temperatures of the testers would be too variable. Johnson Johnson would also have to employ sick people to test their thermometers across high and low extremes of the human body temperature. Aside from these stipulations, there are a few health regulations that would prohibit the resale of items which have previously been inserted into someones rectum. The testing the thermometer s are put through consists of calibrating them with known temperatures in carefully controlled conditions. This insures the thermometers are accurately measure a designated range of temperatures. (Mikkelson, Barbara). After reading all of the reasons why this urban legend could not possibly be true it made me wonder how I could have even thought for a moment that it might be. Aside from putting an end to urban legends about employing rectal thermometer testers, Johnson Johnson does offer many benefits to being an employee at their company. The company offers compensation programs designed to: 1. Help Johnson Johnson compete for and retain talented employees, 2. Give employees a financial stake in the continued long-term success of the company and global enterprise, 3. Support movement of talent within and across Johnson Johnson-owned companies, and 4. Help the company cultivate a high performance culture through performance-based salary plans and bonuses and other incentive programs, determined by both individual performances and business results. (Johnson Johnson Services, Inc) These compensation programs include flexible choices that suite employees short and long term financial goals. For example, some Johnson Johnson companies offer the option of receiving bonuses in individually tailored combinations of cash and Johnson Johnson common stock. They may also offer long term incentive awards in similarly tailored combinations of stock option grants and restricted stock units. (Johnson Johnson Services, Inc) Johnson Johnson also has a leadership and recognition award program for employees at all organizational levels. Among their most prestigious global award programs is the Standards of Leadership Award, which recognizes outstanding business accomplishments resulting from demonstrated leadership behaviors. Another award is the Global Encore Award; this award encourages peer recognition of exceptional performance and contributions to successful results. Johnson Johnson also offers their employees outstanding benefits. The companys benefit program and services are designed to address the diverse needs of employees and their families. The programs help employees: 1. Maintain good health and well-being, 2. Make healthy lifestyle choices, and 3. Plan for retirement. (Johnson Johnson Services, Inc) Johnson Johnsons comprehensive health benefits rank among the best offered by their leading employers. In the United States the companys programs have received the C. Everett Koop National Health Award and the U.S. Department of Health Human Services Innovation in Prevention Award. The company also provides competitive benefit and retirement programs in countries where they align with tax, legal, and local customs. (Johnson Johnson Services, Inc) As a leader in health care around the world, Johnson Johnson is committed to helping employees lead happy, healthy, and productive lives. The companys comprehensive programs and services reflect a holistic view of work, family, and personal life to help support individual effectiveness at work and at home. Johnson Johnson is widely recognized for their leadership in work and life practices and for their initiatives that provide employees with information and resources on health, wellness, benefits, and work/life programs and services. Specific program offerings include those for flexible work arrangements, education, adoption, child care, and elder care. In all cases, they reflect the companys fundamental goal of helping employees live well, work well, and be well. (Johnson Johnson Services, Inc) Johnson Johnson is involved with many advertising campaigns that encourage healthy lifestyles and support those people who care for the health of others. The company is currently involved with many different campaigns a few of which are: The Johnson Johnson Campaign for Nursings Future, Strength for Caring, Safe Kids Worldwide, Because We Care-We Act, and Having a Baby Changes Everything. As for advertising for Johnson Johnson products the company spent $50.2 million promoting its epilepsy drug Topamax. Although Johnson Johnson spent a substantial amount of money on advertising prescription drugs, consumer product advertising was the companies lead advertisements. Johnson Johnson spent $165 million on advertisements for Neutrogena, $152 million on Tylenol, $126 million on Aveeno, and $111 million on Listerine in 2007. Product advertisements were not the only ad campaigns Johnson Johnson released in 2007; the company also spent $80 million on image advertising, though that was down from $100 million in 2006. (Martino, Maureen) Johnson Johnson boosted its internet advertising budget 41% in 2007 to $49 million. The company also embraced outdoor advertising; $4.8 million was spent on billboards alone. Johnson Johnson also embraced advertising on the radio. National radio spots were up 71.9% to 9.2 million. Overall, the companys sales rose 14.6% due to increased advertisement. (Martino, Maureen) Jennifer Hedges Communication in Organizations Observations of the Group Conclusions As a company, Johnson and Johnson has many characteristics that make for an exquisite brand of excellence in an organization. In order to full delve into the characteristics about the company, I ran a SWOT test. By measuring the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, it was easy to identify key areas of the company that could improve upon as well as areas that were already a success. Johnson and Johnson offers a variety of products from a variety of segments of the company. Strengths: Diverse business offering, Forecast growth despite challenges, Significant sales and marketing capabilities, Robust financial position. The products that they offer are not only diversified, but the company operates in three different segments. These three segments of the company are: Consumer, Pharmaceutical, and Medical Devices and Diagnostics. The Johnson and Johnson company the almost the full spectrum of the supply chain. This covers research and development, manufacture and sale of products. It is because of this diversity and trust in the company that Johnson and Johnson receives an epic amount of support from non-pharmaceutical business divisions. In order to market to their consumers, Johnson and Johnson supplies a variety of products for a varietal consumer population. In order to create a customer, deliver value to customers, Johnson and Johnson works under a very ethics driven scientific management approach. Working with intensive scientific notions Johnson and Johnson utilize a varied expanse of problem solving techniques in order to challenge the standard practice and capitalize on growth through emerging markets which enables associated growth. When examining the public relations and the marketing, information is extremely accessible. When you go on to the Hoovers website, immediately there are several contact numbers and representatives that are willing to assist you with anything you need. Verbatim from the Hoovers website forum regarding Johnson and Johnson is contact information regarding all sorts of different aspects of the company. Looking for contacts at Johnson Johnson? With comprehensive information about more than 85M key executives, Hoovers subscribers have access to bios, and employment information, and job history for contacts at Johnson Johnson and 65M other organizations. Furthermore, a list of the comprehensive management hierarchy was also available as well as current job opportunities. Johnson Johnson Jobs Location Title San Francisco,  CA Ruby EngineerThis link will open in a new window San Francisco,  CA Sr. Javascript EngineerThis link will open in a new window New York,  NY Patient Care Director RN Inpatient Behavioral HealthThis link will open in a new window Hamilton,  NJ Physician Emergency Weaknesses: High reliance upon small molecule drugs, increasing exposure to generic erosion, high reliance on sales of narcotic drugs, stability of product is not strong in the consumer United States. Some weaknesses of the company were that they had a high reliance on sales of CNS and Risperdol. Also, none of  Johnson and Johnsons top five ad campaigns included spending on prescription drug advertising. Furthermore, while embracing new global eco-friendly trends such as recycling and helping to save the earth, Johnson and Johnson has spent a considerable amount of their budget on advertising opposed to supporting the actual cause to save the earth. Furthermore, the salaries of the top executives are readily available to underline the fiscal mishaps previously stated. Chairman and CEO William  Weldon Age  61 $1,802,500  salary Email VP Finance and CFO Dominic  Caruso Age  52 $723,739  salary Email VP and CIO Laverne  Council Opportunities: Leverage experience with therapeutic proteins and monoclonal antibodies across other therapy areas, Integrate recent acquisitions, Global expansion. Due to the widely acclaimed reputation of Johnson and Johnson, their stake in the future is set. They have managed their reputation, good and bad, to have set forth a result in discipline and consistency about their company name. This proves to be an excellent opportunity especially in the end of the paper era. Threats: Healthcare regulations, Private label growth; generic drugs growth Weaker consumer environment expected in the US, Spreading too thinly made investments in non-core areas, like social media. Conclusions: Johnson Johnson has set several positive goals to keep their company environmentally friendly. They have done this by reduction in water use, waste, and energy use. Also they agreed to change their packaging of plastic bottles, due to harmful chemicals used in the manufacturing process, switching their packaging of liquids to safe non-polycarbonate containers. Its nearly impossible to get well without Johnson Johnson. Johnson and Johnson has looked after its reputation as a company for hundreds of years. They have implemented planned programs of action and they have been leaders in the public relations and marketing segments of their company. Their use of air time on television is well timed, their contribution to non profit organizations is craftily advertized and the result of what they do is apparent. Overall, Johnson and Johnson has set the eco-friendly bar for many pharmaceutical companies to follow. Attached is a list of management that is on file and available to address, regarding any question, problem, or concern. VP Public Affairs and Corporate Communications Name On File VP Investor Relations Name On File VP Human Resources and General Counsel Name On File VP Corporate Affairs Name On File VP Corporate Media Relations Name On File Worldwide Chairman, Medical Devices and Diagnostics Group Name On File Worldwide Chairman, Consumer Group Name On File Worldwide Chairman, Pharmaceuticals Group Name On File Director Corporate Media Relations Name On File Director Corporate Media Relations Name On File Director Corporate Media Relations Name On File Senior Director Investor Relations Name On File Director Investor Relations Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Director Name On File Director; Information Technology Manager Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Management Name On File Management; Network Administrator Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Director Name On File Management Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Treasurer Name On File Associate General Counsel and Secretary Name On File Corporate Controller Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Director Name On File Senior Business Analyst Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Facilities Coordinator; Telecommunications Analyst Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Project Manager Name On File Packaging Name On File Associate Analyst Name On File Senior Analyst Name On File Senior Systems Engineer Name On File Director-Level Other Name On File Other Executive Name On File Associate Director Name On File Information Technology Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Manager Name On File Information Technology Name On File Information Technology Name On File Senior Analyst Name On File Management Information Systems Name On File Director-Level Other Name On File Business Development Name On File Technical Manager Name On File Information Technology; Technology Lead Name On File Information Technology Name On File Manager Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Other Other Name On File Executive Unspecific Name On File Administrative Name On File Director-Level Other Name On File Other Other Name On File Consultant Name On File Project Manager Name On File Finance Name On File Administrative Name On File Analyst Name On File Manager-Level Other Name On File Manager Name On File Information Technology Analyst Name On File Human Resources Consultant Name On File Senior Analyst Name On File Software Developer Name On File Management; Operations Executive Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Manager-Level Other Name On File Network Administrator Name On File Finance Name On File Senior Analyst Name On File Finance Name On File Project Manager Name On File Information Technology Name On File Manager-Level Other Name On File Director-Level Other Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Information Technology Consultant; Information Technology Lead Name On File Associate Director Name On File Other Other Name On File Information Technology Specialist Name On File Company Group Chairman Depuy Inc Name On File Information Technology Manager Name On File Officer Name On File Human Resources Representative Name On File Director-Level Other Name On File Consultant Name On File Other Executive Name On File Information Management Name On File Information Technology Sap Name On File Other Other Name On File Senior Software Engineer Name On File Process Engineer Name On File Senior Analyst Name On File System Administrator Name On File Director-Level Other Name On File